The Malaria in Sudan: A Comprehensive Analysis

Ahmed Amir ¹ , Mohamed Isam ² , Sahar Mustafa ³ , Dlia Omer ⁴

Abstract

Abstract   :  Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in Sudan, affecting millions annually. The disease is endemic across vast regions of the country, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations such as children under five and pregnant women. This study provides a systematic review of the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, socio-economic impact, and control measures of malaria in Sudan. Through an extensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature, governmental reports, and data from international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF, this research aims to identify existing intervention gaps and propose strategic improvements for malaria control and elimination.

The epidemiological patterns of malaria in Sudan reveal high seasonal variation, with transmission peaking during the rainy season (June–October). Socioeconomic determinants, including poverty, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and displacement due to conflict, exacerbate malaria transmission and hinder control efforts. The prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum, the dominant malaria-causing species in Sudan, further complicates treatment due to emerging drug resistance. Recent studies indicate increasing resistance to artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), necessitating urgent monitoring and alternative treatment development.

Despite significant efforts, current malaria control strategies—including insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and case management programs—face challenges related to funding, logistical barriers, and limited healthcare access in remote and conflict-affected regions. Community engagement and health education initiatives have shown promise in increasing adherence to preventive measures, yet cultural and infrastructural constraints remain obstacles to widespread implementation.

This study underscores the need for a multi-faceted approach to malaria control in Sudan. Strengthening surveillance systems, addressing socio-economic disparities, investing in novel treatment strategies, and fostering regional collaborations are crucial steps toward sustainable malaria reduction and eventual elimination. By leveraging technological innovations and enhancing healthcare accessibility, Sudan can significantly mitigate the malaria burden and move closer to achieving global malaria eradication goals.